What are mandatory payments made by consumers and businesses to the government called?

The correct answer is taxes. Taxes are mandatory financial charges imposed by the government on individuals and businesses to fund various public services and infrastructure, such as education, healthcare, and transportation. These payments are required by law and are typically assessed based on income, property, sales, or other financial activities, making them essential for the functioning of society.

While fees, levies, and dues may also involve payments to the government or organizations, they differ in their nature and circumstances. Fees are often charged for specific services or privileges, levies can be imposed for specific purposes such as environmental initiatives or emergency services, and dues typically refer to payments made to membership organizations or clubs. Thus, the term "taxes" specifically encapsulates the broad and mandatory nature of the payments in question.